The impacts for the availability of water were generated from work from a variety of sources. These include the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group 2 report, Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, 2007, published research and research done by the Walker Institute for Climate System Research, University of Reading.

 

References for published research quoted on the map are given below.

 

In addition the IPCC WG2 report has collated a great deal of research about the availability of water, and this resource was used to support statements about glacier melt and the contribution of different water sources. 

 

Finally, specific research was done by Prof. Nigel Arnell at the Walker Institute for Climate System Research, University of Reading, looking at the affect of an increase of global average temperature of +4 ºC, on the run off and water availability. A description of this research is given below.

 

Climate change and water resources: Walker Institute for Climate System Research, University of Reading

A rise in global temperature of 4 oC would have a substantial effect on river flows and the availability of water resources. Average runoff decreases by up to 70% (compared to present) around the Mediterranean, southern Africa, central Asia and large areas of north and South America (Figure 1), although the amounts of change are different between different climate models.  In some parts of the world - such as high latitudes and the wet tropics - runoff would likely increase due to climate change. However, this additional runoff may not add to that available for use because it may occur during the wet season and there may be insufficient storage to hold the water through to the dry season; it may also lead to increased flood risk. The broad patterns of change in runoff are reasonably consistent between different climate models, but there is considerable uncertainty in how runoff may change across south Asia, due largely to differences between climate models in projected changes in the south Asian monsoon.

Climate change will affect not only the volume, but also the timing of river flows in some regions. This may arise because of changes in the timing of the onset or end of a wet season, but is particularly likely to occur where precipitation in winter currently falls as snow. Higher temperatures would mean that winter precipitation falls as rain rather than snow, and runs off rapidly during winter rather than being stored as snow until spring.

At present, approximately 1.5 billion people, out of a total world population of around 6 billion, live in major watersheds where average river runoff is less than 1000 m3/capita/year (a widely used threshold indicating potential exposure to water resources stresses).  By 2080, under a moderate population growth projection, approximately 35% of a larger world population - close to 3 billion people - could be living in water-stressed areas.  Under a 4 oC rise in global temperature, and the HadCM3 climate scenario, around 1 billion of these people would see a significant reduction in the amount of water available, and would thus be exposed to increased water resources scarcity. Regions particularly affected - under this scenario - include the Middle East and central Asia, countries around the Mediterranean, parts of central and north America, and parts of southern and western Africa. 

Figure 1. Change in river flow for an increase in global average temperature of +4 ºC 

References

Arnell, N.W. (2004) Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change 14, 31-52.

Arnell, N. W. (2006). Climate change and water resources: a global perspective. In Schellnhuber, H J., Cramer, W., Nakicenovic, N., Wigley, T. and Yohe, G (Eds). Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 167-175.

Bates, B., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Wu, S., Arnell, N.W. et al. (2008) Climate Change and Water. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Technical Report VI.

Cruz, R. V., H. Harasawa, M. Lal, S. Wu, Y. Anokhin, B. Punsalmaa, Y.
Honda, M. Jafari, C. Li, and N. Huu Ninh (2007), Asia, in Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by M. L. Parry et al., pp. 469–506, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Singh, P. & Jain, S. K. (2002) Snow and glacier melt in the Satluj River at Bhakdra Dam in the western Himalayan region. Hydrol. Sci. J. 47, 93–106

Gao, Q. & Shi, S., (1992) Water resources in the arid zone of northwest China.
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